Stratigic Plan for Public Health Organization Coursework

Stratigic Plan for Public Health Organization - Coursework Example STRATEGIC PLAN FOR LAKE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT Our Vision: Our vision is to promote and protect the health of Waukegan Illinois through assessment, policy development, and assurance. Our Mission statement: The mission of the Lake County Health Department is to promote and protect the health of Illinois residents through networking and collaborative actions that raise public awareness, build a constituency, and influences legislation and policies concerning public health issues affecting northern Illinois.   Our Values: We believe that services must be available without barriers. No resident should be turned away due to an inability to pay. We also believe in providing services in an environment of mutual respect, free of discrimination or any bias (Lakecountyil.gov, 2013). Our core competencies a) This department came into existence in 1956, established by referendum. Back then, it had a small bunch of people. However, today it boasts of over one-thousand professional assisting i n all aspects of health, with an approximate working budget of seventy-million US dollars. b) Of all the human service providers under the Lake County, we are the biggest, with a twelve member Health Board governing this department. c) Nationwide, we rank among the top six of all two-thousand, eight hundred and sixty four health departments at the local level. d) We are members under the Northern Illinois Public Health Consortium, an organization that serves the Chicago city and the Winnebago, Mchenry, Kendall, Lake, Kane, Cook, Dupage, and Will counties in terms of complex health matters. The Environmental Scan. An environmental scan is the systematic way of finding out and interpreting the external environment to know the trends and factors of change, and their likely impacts on an organization in the future. Economic aspects Increase or entry of new security risks will affect the ability to respond to emergencies. This will affect this department in that we may not respond to eme rgencies resulting from crime and health risks as we lack the training of responding to security risks. Global economic transformation on Health care due to advance in competition may find workers not adequately prepared for new work processes. Impacts of globalization of Health care owing to economic integration and liberalization of trade globally will mean that workers have to deal with more potentially dangerous diseases. Social/ demographic aspects High risk groups such as foreign workers, older and new workers will affect the workplace. This is because language and cultural barriers, lack of training as well as the work organization mean a possibility in increase of injuries or work blunders. The raising of the educational and general worker bar in qualifying as a health worker means injury rates will reduce because of better training and more workers that are competent. Aging of the American population will affect the workforce in that chronic injuries and illnesses may incre ase. In addition, older workers take longer to recover from such. Legal/ policy aspects Increase in the enforcement of health and safety regulations by the government means pushing towards greater compliance that will help in better competence and more output. Smoking ban in workplaces and public spaces means workers will no longer get exposure to

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

International Relations - Essay Example After the death of Muhammad the Muslims named their leaders Caliphs. Caliph means the deputy messenger of Allah. Between 632 to 750 A. D, the Muslims had conquered of the known world. They controlled North Africa to India and western China. They reached into Europe to Spain and France. During the dark ages in Europe, Islam claimed many first in medicine. For example, they first time uses anesthesia in surgery. (Vertovec, and Peach, 1997, 44) In the same way, the Muslims introduced cauterization of wounds for the first time. Besides this, the Muslims discovered first among others that epidemics are caused by contagion through touch and air. As far as health services are concerned, there are also traces that prove that first ambulatory hospitals were introduced by the Muslims. These hospitals were carried on camel's backs. First time, the Muslims introduced prescription, and thus the separation of pharmacology from medicine. Islam is growing very fast in all five continents. There are over 1.2 billion Muslims today. They represent 22% of the world's population. And Christianity is 33% of the population in the world, at the rate that Islam is growing is expected to become the most popular religion in the globe in 2023. Islam is growing at the rate of 2.9% per year. (Al Sayyad, et. al. 2002, 56) Islam has multidimensional effects on Europe which changed Europe in all respects. The gigantic change was introduced in Spain while the Muslims were ruling this part of Europe. (Rath, and Buijs, 2003, 66) It remained the pioneer for all types of changes in Europe. Socially, Muslims have had a profound affect on Europe. The Muslims brought with them much of their lifestyle, such as their art. They resurrected mosques and unique types of architecture two these two continents. The most noticeable architectural influence was the introduction of the dome, pillar, and minaret. Furthermore, Muslims influenced African and European art through their geometric designs. Islam believe s that depicting human figures in art is idolatrous, so they only used geometric designs. (Haddad, 2002, 13) Thus, they changed the traditional art forms to their new modern ones. Additionally, Islam also changed the daily life of Europeans. Men could now have four wives at any given time instead of just one. New laws were also created about marriage and several other issues. For example, divorces had several set regulations on the ability to remarry. Women would have to wait several months after the divorce in order to relax and determine the paternity of the child if a pregnancy were involved. Finally, the social scale was destroyed as a result of the incorporation of Islam into one's daily life, for the Koran preaches that everyone is of the same value and status level. The Koran also improved the economy and way of thought, for everyone gave to the poor and thus prevented a depression. Muslims has also influenced European scientific thought and knowledge. First of all, the Musli ms made great strides in astronomy. They created the astrolabe, which measured distances and determined the circumference of the earth. They also invented the sextant, which allowed one to navigate and determine their precise location just by looking at the stars. (Hiro, 1989, 209) Furthermore, mathematically, Muslims introduced geometry and algebra. This tremendously increased mathematical thought, for problems were now easy to solve using the newfound knowledge. Intriguingly, they also

Google Search Engine Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Google Search Engine - Term Paper Example The MapReduce system indexes the pages that are later used to present information to the users and has been a major contributor to the success of the company. In September, 1998 a company named Google Inc. was launched in a garage by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. They initially started working in their friend’s garage and within a span of just one year moved to an office with 8 employees. In 2004, Google was able to raise a massive sum of $1.67 billion dollars through its Initial Public Offering (IPO). (Schneider, 2012) It was a highly publicized event that caught everyone’s attention. As of now, Google has more than 20,000 employees worldwide that are stationed in various parts of the world, making sure that the company operates to provide its customers with valued services. The first international office of Google was opened in Tokyo, Japan in August 2001. This was a sign of how technology has shifted from west to east in the past decade. Far East is considered to be on e of the most tech-savvy regions of the world and the big minds at Google capitalized on this opportunity and went straight to Japan for their international expansion. (Google, 2012) In the same year as its IPO, it opened its R&D (Research and Development) centre in Japan to attract the brightest, innovative and qualified engineers from amongst the Japanese and other Asian countries. In 2007, Android was announced as the first open source platform for mobile devices. In January 2010, Nexus One was the first phone introduced by Google as its benchmark phone that was equipped with the Android operating software and enabled new dimensions for mobile phone users. (Google, 2012) Google’s mission statement from the very first day has been â€Å"to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful† (Schneider, 2012). It specializes in Internet Search, cloud computing and advertising technologies. Amongst its most famous products include Gma il (email service) and Google+ (a social networking service). Google Chrome, Picasa (photo organizing) and Android mobile operating system have been its recent success that has helped it take over the technological world. It has been roughly estimated that Google runs over one million servers in data centers around the world. (Pandia, 2007) The huge success rate of Google can be attributed to an intricate set of innovative processes. The â€Å"science driven PageRank algorithm† has generated excellent search results that have been able to attract millions of searches on a regular basis. Google has reported that it spends approximately 200 to 250 million US dollars annually on purchasing or revamping its IT equipment. (Pandia, 2007) This shows the extent to which Google is committed in improving its infrastructure to provide the most latest and up-to date services to its customers. Peter Hidas of the Gartner Group has concluded that based on the above figures Google is roughly the fourth largest server producer in the world trailing behind HP, Dell and IBM. He even went on to say that Google has surpassed Microsoft’s total servers, signifying the fact that Google has the capacity and ability to handle excessively large number of computers in parallel. Its technical solution has been a result of continuous innovation and thus is far ahead of its competitors. (Pandia, 2007) According to estimates by some Google engineers, Google is processing a massive sum of 20,000 terabytes of data on a

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Essay Example for Free

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Essay Introduction: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are the man equipped substance which are flame resistant, it is believed about the Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers that these chemicals are added to the plastics as well as foam items for consumption with the objective to put together them fire defiant. They are obtained in three major forms PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE, among all of these the penta and octaBDE are considered as more poisonous then the DecaBDE as the PentaBDE and OctaBDE has less bromide which makes them more poisonous. This article has also narrated the compositions of these mixtures, the experiment based research of these mixtures shows that they are responsible for various diseases such as tumor of liver, it may cause cancer in humans and puberty abnormalities are mostly observed. So some of the countries has banned these products completely and ask the manufacturer to obtain such products which are less harmful to our environment. In this article we have also discusses the views of peoples as well as the alternative which can save future from fire incident and diseases. TBBPA is also a fire resistance product which is described as the best alternative which of PBDE as it is mutually the additive- as well as reactive-treated products encompasses to discharge TBBPA along with metabolites into the atmosphere. TBBPA has been calculated in the atmosphere, earth, along with residue but is commonly not establish in dampen illustration so TBBPA is suppose as the alternative with no harmful effects. So this article is very informative and contains all information regarding to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers these uses and also there harmful effects. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: The research shows that every year more than 3,000 peoples are killed in dire incidents, the research also shows that more than 20,000 peoples are injured because of fire incident, these incidents also consequences in material goods reimbursement the loss which United States yearly faces is approximately $11 billion .It is believed that fire commonness has now start reducing than the precedent 25 years, the reason for the reduction in such incidents is the fire deterrence policies, these policies have supported the production of flame retardant chemicals in most of the industrial manufacture. In actuality the occurrence of potentially unnecessary fires which may be because of the combustion of electrical paraphernalia in addition to furniture is not observed as much in the United States as it is observed in Europe, the reason for this is the higher principles for fortification in opposition to flammability in the United States. Accordingly, the fire retardant does not only saves the life decreased the incident which may happen due to combustion, but they are also responsible for reducing the economic cost of fires. In this article we have did the detailed study of Polybrominated Diphenyl ethers. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are the man prepared chemicals which are flame resistant, it is experiential that these chemicals are added to the plastics as well as foam items for consumption with the objective to formulate them fire defiant in supplementary words they are added in plastic and foam product as a result they cannot get burned easily. When Polybrominated diphenyl ethers materialize as the result of amalgamation of analogous chemicals they are tenured as congers.(Polybrominated dipehnyl ethers, September 2004) As the polybrominated diphenyl ethers are sundry in plastic and foam products so it is believed that they can leave product which can enter in environment and which is considered as the threat for human health. The chemical formula of Polybrominated diphenyl ethers is [C.sub.12]H ([.sub.9-0]) Br ([.sub.1-10]) O, the general chemical formula of PBED shows that the sum of H and Br always be equivalent to the 10 it is hypothetical with the objective of these chemicals that they have stumpy water solubility, it is also experiential that hypothetically PBED restrain of 209 congers which are moreover alienated into 10 homolog assemblage mono- to decabromodiphenyl ethers. Most of the commercial mixture have an average of 5 [pentabromodiphenyl ether (PeBDE), Penta], 8 [octabromodiphenyl ether (OBDE), Octa], or 10 [decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE), Deca] bromines, there are not as much of profit-making products which have the 4 or fewer than 4 bromines in their composition. International union of pure and applied chemistry IUPAC is the system which is responsible for numbering the PBEDs, It is observed that deca has the largest production the chemical symphony of the marketable Deca mixture is first and foremost ( 97%) DBDE (BDE-209) along with a small amount of nonabrominated diphenyl ethers NBDEs in addition to OBDEs, in the same way penta is used principally in North America while on the other hand octa has comparatively small hand in commercial product. The commercial mixtures of octa and penta are considered as more complex than the deca mixture it is believed that Octa mixture chiefly comprised of just about 10-12% hexabrominated diphenyl ethers and the formula is (HxBDEs), 44 percent of heptabrominated diphenyl ethers (HpBDEs) and 31-35 percent of OBDEs furthermore 10-11 percent of NBDEs, and less than 1 percent of DBDE is found. Now if we look for the composition of commercial Penta mixtures shows variability but generally the mixture contains 24-38 percent tetrabromodiphenyl ethers (TBDEs), 40-60 percent PeBDEs and 4-8 percent HxBDEs. (Birnbaum, Linda S.; Cohen Hubal, Elaine A, 11/1/2006). The polybrominated diphenyl ethers are also contributing to environment, it is believed that during the manufacturing process of PBEDs they enter in water and water soil it is believed about PBEDs that they can get humiliate without difficulty by sunlight, they are not dissolved in water but the small particles of PBEDs settle down at the bottom of river or lakes. Some of the PBEDs also accumulate in fish relatively in low concentration other than every of PBED does not have this quality to mount up in fishes. If we talk about the ecological prototype of PBDEs within the air show a discrepancy from the prototype in the soil, residue as well as mud. PBDEs strappingly soak up to these surrounding substances, and the congener prototype has a propensity to replicate those in the commercial assortment, excluding in mud. It has been newly accounted that PBDE attentiveness in manure mud in the United States is as elevated as 33 mg/kg furthermore be a sign of the congener composition create in polyurethane spume. In disparity, point basis liberating DBDE enclose resulted in residue by means of very high concentrations such as 5 mg/kg. The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environment is considered as the threat for human health now; incomplete assessments on the environmental effects of PBDEs have been conducted. It is considered that the lower brominated mixtures are more contaminated than the higher brominated mixtures. PentaBDE is more contaminated as compare to OBDE, while on other hand DBDE is in actual fact non-hazardous to invertebrates but still the presence of PBED in environment is responsible for many diseases in human beings. The survey shows that both adults and children are exposed to PBED equally. It is believed that children are open to the elements of the PBED by means of contaminated foods for the reason that PBDEs voluntarily liquefy in the fats. The particles of PBED can also accumulate in mother’s milk which is transport in adolescent children which leads to the diseases such as thyroid and neurobehavioral alternations. While talking about the effects of PBED on adults so it is believed that it may cause cancer in adults but this fact is not sure as the experiment which was performed on rats and mice by giving them the food which contains decabromodiphenyl ether one type of PBDE, they eat this for their whole lives and the tumor in their livers is observed because of the continuous presence of decabromodiphenyl ether in their food. (Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, September 2004). â€Å"It is observed to find out the toxicity effects on Mammalian the studies have been demeanor mutually in rats and mice.† (Birnbaum and Staskal, 2006) The most widespread data set continue living for DBDE, with the studies variety from sensitive to continual laboratory studies. Diminutive information is present for effects of PBDE on reproductive systems. â€Å"DE-71†, is a commercial penta assortment, DE-71 was examined by the Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program. The reason for this program was to study the male as well as female level 1 pubescent code of behavior in order to identify thyroid vigorous agents. â€Å"The study shows that in male rats it caused a hindrance in reproductive growth which was further confirmed by a delay in puberty as well as it causes a decrease in ventral prostate furthermore seminal vesicle weights at the high dose 60 mg/kg.† (Birnbaum and Staskal, 2006) This abnormality was caused by reduce in T4 and T3 and by the increase in TSH level, this has also showed the effects on the liver by means of gain in liver weight and EROD, pentoxyresorufin O deethylase â€Å"PROD†, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase â€Å"UDPGT† . These inferences propose a 5-day LOEL of 30 mg/kg per day in addition to 31 days LOEL of 3 mg/kg per day in male rats’ foundation was based on the decreases in the level of T4. While if we discussed its effects on female rats then it shows DE-71 is responsible for a impediment in the beginning of puberty. It also decreases the T4 in female rats, increased their liver size furthermore it is also responsible for the bringing on of liver enzymes. After this experimental based study it can be concluded that presence of PBED in an environment is supposed as the factor which can delay the puberty stage and this fact not only considered for rats and mice but for all of the mammals. PBDEs are also been considered for the cause of other endocrine disrupting possessions.   By making use of an in vitro model the effects on endocrine disrupting possessions are studied, this model verified that hydroxyl PBDEs are suppose to slow down estrogen sulfotransferase, which is further leaded to cause an apparent estrogenic consequence. â€Å"If PBDEs have any estrogenic activity in vivo has to be examined.† (Birnbaum and Staskal, 2006) Furthermore, a number of PBDE congeners, which are not supposed to be environmentally appropriate, have near to the ground semblance for the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah dioxin) receptor, except the fact that they are not capable to persuade dioxin reaction in an element fastening. It was also observed that frequent revelation of rats to DE-71 which is a commercial penta mixture, also resulted in initiation of EROD commotion, a characteristic reaction to Ah receptor commencement. (Birnbaum and Staskal, 2006). Now the question arise in everyone’s mind that how to secure their lives from this dangerous mixture, the specialist have given a small number of advices by the application of these advices the risk of syndrome in human being by PBED can be reduced. It is believed that in order to save children who lives near the Hazard area can save from the effects of PBED if they are not allowed to play near the sites where PBED is produces, they should also be dampen from eating dirt products and parents should ask their children to wash their repeatedly. One more question which the peoples frequently ask to the experts that is their any way to find out whether the PBED is present in our body or not? It is believed that presence of PBED in tissues, breast milk, body fat and blood can be tested but the type of PBED presented in the human body cannot be determined by the test. The advices which are given to working class in the PBED manufacturing companies is to take shower before going back to their, They are also advised to change their clothes and the experts also advised them to make separated laundries for their working clothes. If the people will keep following the advices designed by actors the chances of diseases because of this hazardous mixture PBED are supposed to reduce (Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, September 2004). The restrictions in Manufacture of PBED: It is observed that in few states of America the manufacture of PentaBDE and OctaBDE has totally be restricted, the environment protection agencies has notify all the manufacturers of United States to take permission before initiating the process of PentaBDE and OctaBDE manufacture, they have set same legal formalities for importing these mixtures among other States but in the case of DecaBDE the manufacturing process and importing is not banned yet. Same is considered for Canada almost all of the states of Canada have banned the production of these mixtures. The Europe Union has banned on marketing and making use of these two mixtures but DecaBDE is not banned by Europe Union even as it does not contain hazardous compounds like PentaBDE and OctaBDE. Although these mixtures are needed for saving from fire incident but they effecting environment by releasing hazardous substance for that reason they are banned, so it is advised to manufacturer to find better and good alternate of these two mixtures for healthy as well as secure tomorrow. It is believe of the peoples that the harmful effects of these mixtures are the threat for human lives so the government should take further steps and they should banned manufacturing of these mixtures not only in one state but all over the world. (Canada Cancer Society, 11 April, 2007). Tetrabromobisphenol A: TBBPA is also a fire resistance product it is hypothetical as the largest part of BFR which is widely used. Notwithstanding TBBPAs imprudent possessions, mutually the additive- as well as reactive-treated products encompass to discharge TBBPA along with metabolites into the atmosphere. TBBPA has been calculated in the atmosphere, earth, along with residue but is commonly not establish in dampen illustration. It is believed that there are very less numbers of laboratory which makes studies and are examining the metabolism of TBBPA. However the research shows that two sensitive, high dose studies in rats have resulted that unmetabolized TBBPA is quickly excreted in the feces after each single exposure it was observed that the peak attentiveness of 14C-TBBPA contained by the first hour in all of the body tissues; â€Å"highest concentrations was absorbed in the fat, which includes the body part such as the liver, sciatic nerve, muscles, along with adrenals. additionally,   the studies shows that there were a low percentage of the TBBPA dose was maintain in fatty tissue that is 3-6 percent and muscles 11-14 percent when the 72 hours has passed, which put it to an important person that TBBPA, or a metabolite, has the potential to bioaccumulation with frequent exposure.† (Linda, Birnbaum and Danielle, 2006) As the hazardous compounds are easily removed from the body so the experiment proved that TBBPA is not considered as destructive as it can be used as the alternate of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. The Government has also not banned the manufacturing of TBBPA (Linda, Birnbaum and Danielle, 2006). Conclusion: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers are the fire resistance mixture which is used in plastic products as well as the foams to resist them from combustion. The studies were mutually made on rats and mice in order to know the facts about these poisonous mixtures, the studies shows that these mixtures are considered as the responsible for many diseases, the mixtures causes many tumor in liver rat when they were added continuously in the rats’ food, similarly they are considered as the reason for puberty abnormalities, This abnormality was foundation by reduce in T4 and T3 and by the increase in TSH level, this has also showed the effects on the liver by means of gain in liver weight and EROD, pentoxyresorufin O deethylase â€Å"PROD†, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase â€Å"UDPGT† . These inferences propose a 5-day LOEL of 30 mg/kg per day in addition to 31 days LOEL of 3 mg/kg per day in male rats’ foundation was based on the decreases in the level of T4. While if we discussed its effects on female rats then it shows DE-71 is responsible for a impediment in the beginning of puberty. It also decreases the T4 in female rats, increased their liver size furthermore it is also responsible for puberty abnormalities. Among PentaBDE, OctaBDE and DecaBDE, the PentaBDE and OctaBDE are considered more poisonous than DecaBDE. So this article concluded that fire resisting product are needed to secure society but as they have many harmful effects to human health therefore these products has been banned by United States, Canada and Europe Union. So this article conveys the message that the production of these products should not be stopped completely but the manufacturer should find improved unconventional so the threat to human health can be decrease. References: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, retrieved from, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts68-pbde.html. Linda S. Birnbaum and Danielle F. Staskal, 1/11/2006, Brominated Flame Retardants retrieved from http://www.ehponline.org/members/2003/6559/6559.html. Birnbaum, Linda S.; Cohen Hubal, Elaine A, 11/1/2006, Polybrominated Diphenyl ethers: a case study, retrieved from http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-160532390.html. Canadian Cancer society, 11 April 2007, retrieved from http://www.cancer.ca/ccs/internet/standard/0,3182,3172_1438644643__langId-en,00.html.

Traditional Personnel Management and Modern HRM

Traditional Personnel Management and Modern HRM As the first step it is necessary to identify the difference between two functions with correct definition as follows; Personnel Management  Ã‚  this is a administrative function conducting operational level to maintain records. This is mainly conducting fair terms in general to manage the employees working as organization with proper records on individual departments. The ultimate purpose is to get organizational success efficient employees management. Human Resource Management  Ã‚  this is a modern practice of develop and implement personnel strategies to achieve corporate objectives of the organization. This is not just a management function and doing an additional strategic role. Mainly consider to maintain and develop the organizational culture, values, set objectives, good structure, motivation and perfect direction to achieve HRM objectives. (137410-difference-between-human-resource-development-traditional-personnel-management.html, 2010) Even though the concept has been changed still HRM is performing previous functional activities of the personnel management in advanced way such as job analysis, HR Planning, recruitment and selection, performance management, training and etc. Main Differences between Personnel Management and HRM Personnel Management Human Resource Management Highly considering the workforce (employees) of the organization such as recruiting, training, payments, explain the job responsibilities and drive them to functional activities. This is a resource oriented approach. Mainly focus the management function and drive the employees to the strategically / corporate objectives. It is properly organized approach. Not clear about the objectives of the management. Only target to achieve functional objectives such as daily performance to measure a person. This is a forecasting of the organizational requirement. Continuously measure and monitoring performance of the employees and take immediate actions to adjust the operation to reach objectives. This is basically an operational function which is focussing daily minor activities of the employees. HRM is  strategic  function with lot of responsibilities to continue the process throughout the entire process. This is maintaining and administrative activity to adjust the people in to right track. HRM is more  proactive develop people to be more accurate, innovative, effective and efficient in their responsibilities. Role of a HR Director In each and every modern organization there should be a person to look after employees with modern Human Resource Management functions. Generally Human Resource Manager is responsible for this activity. If the organization is having large number of employees need several defined layers as this organization. Many studies indicate that teams, and organisations, are at their most successful when people are emotionally engaged and believe in what the team as well as organisation is looking to achieve. As such it is crucial a team development and talent management plan is put together to ensure the high performance and cohesiveness of the new teams put in place and perhaps more importantly, gain the employees buy into the plan is the major responsibility. A key role in delivering this is the HR Directors role. The role is primarily to create value for the customers, the organisation, their team as well as other stakeholders within the company. The HR Director is also responsible for maintaining sales and safeguarding the brand from competition and other influential factors by creating customer oriented staff. 1.3 Line Managers Role All line managers have to play a vital role in Human Resource Management. As a result it is essential that team members are clearly briefed about the objectives that need to be achieved and met, what needs to be done, by whom, why, when and how to do them. The extent to which these need to be stressed by the line manager depends on the people that are involved in the work, the work context and the nature of the particular task. In instances where team members are delegated certain responsibilities, the managers need not brief them in great detail and entrust them to work independently as they see fit. It is anticipated that the majority of the current employees of the LOCOG team will continue within the new public private partnership. It is therefore considered that these employees should be transferred to their new employer under the same terms and conditions that they currently enjoy. An employee who is unwilling to accept such a transfer should be allowed to make that decision. The following objectives have been set in order to facilitate the development of the teams within the newly structured organisation and this is the main responsibility of each and every line manager. Increase the skills, knowledge and capabilities of the team members based on their job specifications and responsibilities. Increase the cohesiveness and coordination between team members and increase the level of transparency and communication. 2. Recruitment and Selection Process 2.1 HR Planning process for the London 2012 Olympics Initially need to do situational analysis about the current situation and future expectation. An analysis of the current skill levels, knowledge, capabilities, cohesiveness and performance level of the marketing team members are examined and evaluated as the first step to identify where they stand within the current organisation. From the analysis the following capabilities have been identified: LOCOG regularly funds staff training relevant to their areas of work/expertise. Strong emphasis to recruit people within LOCOG. Majority of employees have working experience for several years. Strong functional skills across trading, marketing, supply, operations, web, systems and finance teams. Limited horizontal movement between functions with staff employed to fulfil specific roles. Limited integration between departments due to isolation of skill sets. When looking to develop a team it is important to remember that the context in which a team operates will affect how the team performs and the relationship that develops as a result. People implement organisational strategies within the context of organisational structures and to fully understand how strategy may be implemented effectively it is important to consider management teams and team management within the new organisation. Belbin (2004) has identified nine important team roles and assigned individuals to these roles based on established personality theories. Each of these roles can be separated into three areas; action orientated roles, people orientated roles and task orientated roles. It is crucial to consider which areas people within the current organisation fall into when looking to form teams within the new organisation. Due to the current management approach employed within LOCOG the majority of employees will fall between action and people orientated roles. Having identified the roles necessary for a successful team to function it is also important to consider the various stages that will take place after the formation to the team. According to Tuckman there are five stages of group development that team performance goes through over a period of time; Forming (where the team members get together and the team is initiated), Storming (where the team members ideas and perspectives compete with each other), Norming (where group harmony increases), Performing (where the group starts working well with each other) and Adjourning (where the task is completed and the team is dispersed). Two factors the new organisation will need to focus on are the resolution of interpersonal relationships and of task activities to ensure the cohesiveness and high performance of the teams through the various stages mentioned. 2.2 Importance of a Structured HR planning process The implementation of a new structured HR Planning process in order to revise the role of marketing is a very significant change in culture for both the public and private sector. It will and can only work to the greatest effect if all marketing and promotional activity in the Island is either under direct control or can, to a great extent, be influenced by the new organisation. The new organisation must be a real partnership if it is going to be successful. This makes it imperative that private sector members, who will be making a contribution to the annual budget, are given a significant role to play in partnership with EDD who would continue to be the major source of funding. Throughout the organization, from its Board through to employees and members, individuals will need to subscribe to the partnership ethos and be empowered to adopt a commercial approach to marketing and promoting LOCOG as a best games hut to entertain participants from all around the world. 2.3 Selection and Retaining Methods Segmentation LOCOG need to segment the internal customers in order to define their buyer characteristics and their adoption mentality. Interview method is only one selection method of the LOCOG. But it is necessary to retain all these existing staff by motivating and creating skill full and talented staff. LOCOG is a special even and it is necessary to create suitable mind set of all employees. Criteria Employee Type Employee Type Manager Supervisor Front Line Support Staff Employee numbers 10 50 500 5,000 Buyer Characteristic DMU Adopter Adopter Adopter Location H/O based H/O and field based H/O and field based H/O based Customer Contact Influencer Contractor Contractor Isolated/Modifier Business Division All Departments Sales and Marketing Sales, Marketing, Customer service HR, Finance, production, distribution Access to communication channel High High High High Mentality Support Neutral Oppose Oppose Targeting The internal customers within the identified segments can be characterised under supporters, neutrals and opposes. Supporters will fully adopt the new changes within the organisation and embrace. The neutral employee has a central stance with regard change, and information on the short and long term benefits to themselves and the organisation will adopt and adapt to change. Oppose is fundamentally opposed to change and has a traditional approach to the organisations environment. Adoption mentality Internal Customer Supporter Manager Supervisor Front Line Support Staff Neutral Manager Supervisor Front Line Support Staff Opposes Manager Supervisor Front Line Support Staff It is important for LOCOG to target the supporters within the management segment first with the internal marketing plan. These individuals are responsive to change and quick to adapt and adopt new strategies. Their personal ownership of the new internal objectives will have a positive multiplier effect when member of the decision making unit adapt to the new changes. It is important to label the managers as opinion leaders within the business and therefore employees at the lower levels of the hierarchy such as the front line and support staff segments are influenced by management. In addition within each segment of managers, supervisors, front line and support staff there will be supporters, neutrals and opposers. We will therefore target the benefits of the internal marketing plan first on the supporters of change in each segment once the supportive managers have adopted the new innovative changes. Smith and Nephew will then follow a structured internal communication plan to target the neutral and opposers with each segment. Positioning The new internal marketing plan for LOCOG will be positioned to the customer in a customer orientation framework, focusing on the needs of the customer and the benefits the new plan can offer them. This will be conducted in a SIVA (solution, information, value, access) approach to customer orientation. This mix of benefits relayed to the workforce through internal communication will motivate staff and lead to adoption of strategies and adaption into wok processes. 2.4 Legal Process in basic Selection Process Within Government l legal legislation there is sometimes a conflict between the needs and wants of the employees, and therefore the role of HR and political and policy decision making. Not all decisions made by government are popular e.g. the research evidence into the benefits of minimum wages suggested an unpopular cause of action. This external conflict of public opinion and policy making can be alleviated in part through marketing, predicting and mitigating risk as well as targeting communications around insights. Each and every European country is having separate or similar labour legislation and judicial enforcement. This has been adjusted according to the social patterns and democracy of the country. UK operates a highly liberal labour market compared to other countries. This legislation standards with the minimum of legislative intervention and administrative red tape. Employment rights have taken shape around the common law of contract and onto this central pillar have been bolted a number of statutory constraints in such spheres as working time, maternity, union rights and minimum pay. The UK does not have a written constitution and its court system has grown in a rather piecemeal way. However, specialist employment tribunals are empowered to hear almost all individual disputes and they are an integrated element in the civil court structure. Official guidance on maternity provisions  (pdf) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Employment Rights Act 1996 Protection From Harassment Act 1997 National Minimum Wage Act 1998 Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 Data Protection Act 1998 Employment Rights (Disputes Resolution) Act 1998 Human Rights Act 1998 The Employment Relations Act 1999 Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 3312 Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 3323 (natlaw.html) 3. Principles and procedures for monitoring and rewarding employees 3.1 London 2010 Projects job evaluation process Target Measured Performance Monthly Departmental Meeting Attendance Monthly Completion of training Monthly Developmental Objectives Mid and Year End Internal Marketing Awareness Monthly Motivation Survey Quarterly Talent Development Yearly In order to achieve the planned team and talent development of member of the LOCOG the above key performance indicators need to be measured on an agreed time scale that is both realistic and achievable for LOCOG the individual. Feedback In order to ensure employee motivation and job satisfaction, individuals will be required to complete a motivational questionnaire and survey on job satisfaction. This will initially be on a quarterly basis. As motivation and job satisfaction are directly linked to performance and retention this is an essential control mechanism for the success of the development plan. Performance The performance of the marketing department will be monitored against both marketing output such as the number and type of marketing communications will customers as well as against the overall sales of smith and nephew. Absenteeism and staff retention This will be closely measured against the previous year figures absenteeism and staff turnover and its success is associated with all other aspects of the development plan. A failure to reduce the factors will result in the evaluation of all other aspects of the development plan. Talent development plan This will be measure on the number of successful applicants filling internal vacancies within LOCOG upon completing the internal and external training of new skills and knowledge. 3.2 Reward systems and Impact on Employees Performance The HR Manager has a core role in monitoring and controlling the implementation of the plan and is supported by effective managing information systems. This rewording system plan also requires extensive cross functional communication and relies on a collaborative rather than competitive approach to resources. The more cross functional interaction, the more realistic the costs and the better the final external communications. Budgeting sets out a plan and clear goal that improves coordination and motivation through good rewording system. It also enables control functions to be established to ensure a systematic and agreed plan is fulfilled. Currently the HR budget is allocated top down, with HR being allocated an overall financial sum by policy functions based on overall affordability, influenced to a degree by historical spend. However, the recommendation going forward would be to have a bottom up planning and control approach once overarching objectives have been agreed with policy colleagues. Whilst a top down approach based on profit or effectiveness would be desirable for rewording system, the complexities of proving the contribution of marketing to road casualty reduction is challenging A bottom up approach would reflect marketing industry standard and enable the whole team to be involved in the budgeting process. It would also encourage efficiencies and value for money with less pressure to spend the allocated budget without the risk that this would have implications on the following years allocation. Agreeing a longer term strategy would be beneficial to gain greater stability and certainty of marketing budgets over a period of several years. With a focus on reducing overall communication spend across Whitehall competitive parity will be more evident than in previous years. Rather than competing for share of voice with other Government Departments overall spend will be down and any larger budgets will be under significant scrutiny. 3.3 Monitoring Performance Following Demings control cycle will ensure that the implementation of the plan is effectively monitored against targets with action taken to address and issues. As well as providing a framework for control and monitoring, adopting a quality model also encourages a quality mindset in the team which will improve outputs for both internal and external customers. The model will also set a standard and provide clarity for the internal customer base who have not historically worked with the marketing function. The balance scorecard approach can also be used to monitor outputs across the four key areas of financial performance, internal processes, innovation and learning and customers. Within each area goals, measures, limitations and frequency for review are identified. Examples of measures include: Increase in profits via more targeted/relevant communications Actual against forecast variance Meetings and events attended KPIS meet on service delivery Number of complaints Effectiveness of communications e.g. intranet page views Staff turnover Staff satisfaction Objectives and training and development plans in place Innovation against benchmark Customer satisfaction Customer retention Customer acquisition Performance benchmarking against other Departments Contingency planning should also be carried out given the limitations of marketing operating in this new way and in new environments. There are some influences on the effectiveness of this plan that we are unable to control, these should be identified and included within the risk analysis. Due to the significance and implications of decisions made by the Department, it is culturally very risk averse. This risk adverse culture must therefore be reflected in the planning and implementation of this programme of work. 4. Exit from the Organisation 4.1 Exit Procedures Employee Redundant However, where this occurs, such an employee should be considered to have voluntarily terminated his contract rather than transferring it and he would not, therefore, have title to any redundancy terms provided by the LOCOG after the event. Where, however, there are no equivalent roles for a LOCOG employee in the new public private partnership or where there are significant differences between the role that an employee currently undertakes and other roles that remain vacant within the newly created public private partnership, it would be inappropriate for the LOCOG to require that person to transfer. In these circumstances, the States should offer alternative suitable employment for those employees within the public sector or agree mutually acceptable redundancy terms. Clearly, it would not be fair and responsible to force employees into roles for which they are not suited, nor would it be sensible to place the success of the new public private partnership in jeopardy if such people were placed into roles for which they did not possess the relevant knowledge, skills and experience. An additional safeguard that will be provided to any employee who has transferred to the new public private partnership and which has been provided to other employees in similar circumstances is that these people will be circulated with all vacancies that arise within the public sector and would be able to apply for any such vacancies for a period of a year following their transfer. If they were to make a job application then they would be treated by the LOCOG as if they were a States employee, which would mean that they would have to undertake any of the recruitment processes that are applied on such occasions to internal applicants.

soc paper :: essays research papers

WORK, WELFARE, AND SINGLE MOTHERS If you want to know a big problem in our country today it is single mothers and welfare. If you look at all the money that we throw away each and every year, you wouldn=t think this would be a problem. With all the rich giving to the poor, some should go to single parents trying their best to take care of their children. This could be easy, if they would just go and get a job they would be off welfare very quickly. But it isn=t that easy, study=s show that most welfare mothers have bad or no schooling at all, they are the woman that has been lay off of work, and the one=s that are young and don=t have enough to pay for their child=s living conditions. A lot of things changed in 1996 as federal lawmakers dramatically changed the rules poor people live by and made states responsible for implementing these rules. Twenty-five percent of the mothers on each state=s welfare caseload must be working by the end of 1997. By 2002, fifty percent must be working. Studies show that mothers that leave the welfare to quickly are the one=s that will not make it far in life, not far in life but the one=s that will be the least likely to succeed in getting off welfare and taking care of their families. Their main problem is making the transaction from welfare to work. They have problems making ends meat. They sometimes receive extra money from community groups, local charities, working extra jobs, obtaining cash from network members. They have to hid most of their income from their caseworkers so they could keep their welfare benefits. It was also hard for working mothers as they faced larger budget deficits than welfare mothers because they often didn=t Medicaid and had considerable work-related expenses. Working mothers had less time to work a side job or even get extra money from community groups and charities. It is a known fact that is harder to make ends meet when working than collecting welfare. All the studies are from four main cities which are Boston, Chicago, Charleston, and San Antonio. These were the cities picked to represent the study. The cost of living was different in all these places. They took into consideration different races, age, education, work experiences, and the background they came from. All these differed in all areas due to these things.

Air France

In an airline industry, companies had been suffered with low returns, bankruptcies and ever-fluctuating demand. Air France has been preventing the situation by developed strategies such as a progressive operating lease, short- or medium term lease of substantial part of fleets to reduce capacity and cost. Since 2006, the traffic of air travel has been growing rapidly, which created a competitive landscape in the airline industry and also the emergence of e-commerce as a direct to consumer sales.Air France took those opportunities by providing online services on direct website, but after a while aggregators and metasearchers who offer beyond services appeared, which make the direct website had difficulty to compete. Media Contact, hired by Air France, has been developing strategy to optimize performance on Search Engine Marketing campaign to increase net revenue gained through online channel and return on investment spending, as well as efficiency of driving visitors to site and conve rt them to consumers through the conversion funnel at the minimum cost.The Media Contact uses sponsored search of six search engines, global- and US-based, and advertises on metasearchers and aggregators as well. As shown in the publisher performance table below, from exhibit 6, Google US earns highest impressions, mostly from branded keywords, and volume of bookings, also at highest cost but the conversion rate is relatively low. On the other hand, MSN has lowest investment but it turned out that MSN give the outstanding conversion rate than any others.Another publisher such as Yahoo US and Overture US has higher conversion rate than others that has more funding. T The bubble chart below illustrates the performance of each publisher, based on the complete data set, according to their average cost per click on Y-axis and probability of bookings on X-axis. The size of each bubble represents funding spent on each publisher. The first quadrant represents high cost-per-click, publishers , which are Google US and Google Global. These publishers has high impressions but theClick-Through-Rate is relatively low, The Media Contact should arrange strategy that can lower cost such as modifying bid strategy, keyword selection, and match type. The funding for these publishers should also be lowered. In the upper-left quadrant shows publishers who have lowest conversion rate at highest cost, no publisher is in this category and should not be. Overture Global and US are in the third quadrant that demonstrates publishers with low probability of booking.Publishers in this quadrant must be converted to the forth quadrant by considering keyword selection, ease of completing transaction, and complication of website and applications, for example. The highest probability of producing a booking come from the forth quadrant where Yahoo US, MSN Global, and MSN US rely on. This quadrant not only gives Air France high probability of bookings but also at the lowest cost. The Media Contact should focus on this quadrant by increasing funding for these three publishers from budget deducted from the first quadrant.In order to gain visitors from aggregators, Air France should consider about creating two- or three-in-one service by offering hotels, car rental or promotional packages. This strategy could increase sales occurred in direct website and reduce cost of advertising on aggregators website. Air France could also earn revenue from advertising of hotels and car rental services. By optimizing sponsored search and implementing strategies, Cost-Per-Click will be reduced and number of bookings will be higher. The Media Contact can deliver higher net revenue and Return on Investment to Air France.